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Sign up. In fact, they sit in front of the table data gateway to handle CRUD operations. Taken to the extreme, a separate transaction script would handle every retrieval and submission to the database.

A transaction script is useful when your application has to coordinate an interaction between two entities, such as when you create an association between two instances of different entity classes.

For example, in the catalog management system, I signify that a product is available for a business unit to order for its inventory by creating a catalog entry. The entry identifies the product, the business unit, a product SKU and the time during which it can be ordered both internally and externally. To simplify the creation of catalog entries, I created a method on the domain service see the following code snippet that provides a transaction script for modifying product availability for a business unit without the UI having to manipulate catalog entries directly.

Rather than being exposed as a function on the client-side domain context, RIA Services generates a function on the entity in question in this case Product that when called, places a change notification on the object that on the server side gets interpreted as a call to the method on the domain service.

The benefit of not exposing the catalog entry to the UI layer is that the transaction script becomes the only means of creating catalog entries. If you use the command pattern, the rule is enforced by convention.

Another benefit of placing the transaction script on the domain service is that the logic executes server side as I mentioned earlier. Recommendation Use the transaction script when your business logic becomes too complex for forms over data, you want to execute the logic for an operation on the server side, or both.

Business Logic vs. Business logic, on the other hand, is what drives the application itself for example, the discount applied to an online purchase. Passing Multiple Entities to the Domain Service By default, you can pass only one entity to a custom domain service method. For example, the method. RIA Services would not generate a client proxy for this function because … well, those are the rules.

You can have only one entity in a custom service method. Because the domain service is running under ASP. NET session and the cache, as well, in case you want to automatically remove the object from memory after a certain period of time. Frequently, this shows up as complex branching logic within a transaction script or multiple transaction scripts to account for nuances in the logic.

Another sign that an application has outgrown the utility of transaction scripts is the need for frequent updates to address rapidly changing business requirements. The patterns covered so far have one thing in common: The entities are little more than DTOs—they contain no logic this is considered by some to be an anti-pattern referred to as Anemic Domain Model. One of the major benefits of object-oriented development is the ability to encapsulate data and the logic associated with it.

A rich domain model takes advantage of that benefit by putting the logic back into the entity where it belongs.

The details of designing a domain model are beyond the scope of this article. I can, though, provide a scenario that helps illustrate how a domain model can manage some of this stress. I already have the sales data in another subsystem of KharaPOS, and everything else I need is here in the catalog system. Now all I have to do is add the product-selection logic to the domain model.

Figure 6 shows the code. Performing an auto-select for products to carry over a season is as simple as calling the new function on BusinessUnit and following that by a call to the SubmitChanges function on DomainContext.

In the future, if a bug is found in the logic or the logic needs to be updated, I know exactly where to look. If a developer must consider the implementation of a component in order to use it, the value of encapsulation is lost.

If someone other than the original developer must infer the purpose of an object or operation based on its implementation, that new developer may infer a purpose that the operation or class fulfills only by chance. If that was not the intent, the code may work for the moment, but the conceptual basis of the design will have been corrupted, and the two developers will be working at cross-purposes.

Recommendation Use a domain model when your logic is complex and gnarly and may involve several entities at once. Bundle the logic with the object to which it has the most affinity and provide a meaningful, intentional name for the operation.

Note, though, the logic for the two patterns lies in two separate places. In the case of the domain model, the logic is executed client side and then committed when submit changes is called. The Repository and Query Objects The domain service naturally implements the repository pattern see Fowler, p.

This allows for increased testability of your application without the need to actually hit the service layer and the database. Once you have the domain model, this pattern is simple to implement by moving the domain logic out of shared. The application service layer acts as a simplified facade over your domain model, exposing operations but not their details. Another benefit is that your domain objects will be able to take internal dependencies without requiring the service layer clients to take them as well.

In some cases see the seasonal product-selection example shown in Figure 6 , the domain service makes one simple call on your domain. Sometimes it might orchestrate a few entities, but be careful—too much orchestration turns it back into a transaction script, and the benefits of encapsulating the logic within the domain are lost.

Recommendation Use the application service layer to provide a simple facade over the domain model and remove the requirement the UI layer needs to take dependencies your entities might take.

During my research for this article, though, I came across the bounded-context pattern Evans, p. The basic premise of the pattern is that on any large project there will be multiple sub-domains in play. The bounded context allows those domains to coexist peacefully even though there are elements shared between them such as Sale, Business Unit, Product and LineItem, which are in both the sales and catalog domains. Different rules apply to the entities based on which domain is interacting with them Sale and LineItem are read-only in the catalog domain.

A final rule is that operations never cross over contexts. Recommendation Use bounded contexts to divide a large system into logical subsystems. Rarely are frameworks so approachable while also being flexible enough to support everything from the simplest spreadsheet data-entry applications to the most complex business applications without requiring major effort to make the transition.

Mike Brown is the president and cofounder of KharaSoft Inc. He is an accomplished technology specialist with more than 14 years of industry experience, a back-to-back MVP Award recipient, cofounder of the Indy Alt.